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Battle of Strangford Lough
The Battle of Strangford Lough took place in 877 between two groups of rival Vikings described by the Irish Annals as the "fair heathens" and the "dark heathens". The ''Annals of Ulster'' describe "Albann", a figure usually identified with Halfdan Ragnarsson, a leader of the Great Heathen Army, as king of the "dark heathens", and ''Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib'' identifies Bárid mac Ímair, King of Dublin as the leader of the "fair heathens". All accounts agree Halfdan was killed in the battle, and ''Cogad Gáedel re Gallaib'' adds that Bárid was wounded in it.
==Background==
Sometime in the 850s or 860s the three Viking brothers Ímar, Amlaíb Conung and Auisle began to rule as kings in Dublin.〔Ó Corrain (1998), p. 28–29〕 Ímar died in 873, Amlaíb in 874, and Auisle in 867; with Bárid, son of Ímar probably succeeding them as king.〔Downham, p. 24, 28〕 Some scholars have also suggested that Oistin, son of Amlaíb ruled with Bárid as co-king.〔Sigurðsson and Bolton, p. 36–37〕 According to some scholars Halfdan Ragnarsson was brother to Ímar, Amlaíb Conung and Auisle, and hence uncle to Bárid and Oistin.〔Downham, p. 16〕 Halfdan is not described as ruling in Ireland like his brothers in any contemporary source, but he is instead described as one of the leaders of the Great Heathen Army which invaded the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England from 865 onwards.〔Venning, p. 132〕 Halfdan is identified by some as a brother of the three kings of Dublin because in the ''Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'' he is described as the brother of another leader of the Great Heathen Army named Ívarr. This Ívarr is often considered the same as Ímar, primarily because Ímar is absent from Irish records during the period Ívarr is described as a leader of the Great Heathen Army.〔Ó Corrain (1979), p. 314–323〕 According to the later Norse sagas Halfdan was the son of the legendary Viking Ragnar Lodbrok, but the historicity of Ragnar is uncertain and the identification of Ragnar as the father of Halfdan is not to be relied upon.〔Costambeys〕
The main historical sources for this period are the Norse sagas and the Irish annals. Some of the annals, such as the ''Annals of Ulster'' are believed to be contemporary accounts, whereas the sagas were written down at dates much later than the events they describe and are considered far less reliable. A few of the annals such as the ''Fragmentary Annals of Ireland'' and the ''Annals of the Four Masters'' were also complied at later dates, in part from more contemporary material and in part from fragments of sagas.〔Radner, pp. 322–325〕 According to Downham: "apart from these additions (saga fragments ), Irish chronicles are considered by scholars to be largely accurate records, albeit partisan in their presentation of events".〔Downham, p. 12〕
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